The authors analyze results of a survey of members of the Columbia University Graduate School of Business classes of 1953–1987 in order to assess the potential effectiveness of firms' ethics training programs. Results suggest that such training has a positive effect, but that relatively few firms provide such programs (about one-third of the respondents worked for firms with such programs). Although the sample is not representative of American employees and managers generally, the results suggest that it may be worthwhile for (...) firms to provide formal ethics training to their employees. (shrink)

This book offers an introduction to the thought of Robert Holcot, a great and influential but often underappreciated medieval thinker. Holcot was a Dominican friar who flourished in the 1330's and produced a diverse body of work including scholastic treatises, biblical commentaries, and sermons. By viewing the whole of Holcot's corpus, John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt provide a comprehensive account of his thought. Challenging established characterizations of him as a skeptic or radical, they show Holcot to be (...) primarily concerned with affirming and supporting the faith of the pious believer. At times, this manifests itself as a cautious attitude toward absolutist claims about the power of natural reason. At other times Holcot reaffirms, in Anselmian fashion, the importance of rational effort in the attempt to understand and live out one's faith. Over the course of this introduction the authors unpack Holcot's views on faith and heresy, the divine nature and divine foreknowledge, the sacraments, Christ, and political philosophy. They also examine Holcot's approach to several important medieval literary genres, including the development of his unique. (shrink)

I defend three claims: (i) agents have multiple options for action, (ii) there is no reductive account of what it is to have an option, and (iii) determinism might be true. This combination of claims, which I call "non-reductive compatibilism," is very plausible, yet is scarcely considered in the previous literature. I explain why this view is deserving of philosophical attention, and discuss various objections that might be brought against it.

Many practitioners and organizations see mental health as a kind of well‐being. Recently, several philosophers have criticized this view. I argue that these criticisms are mistaken; mental health is a kind of well‐being, specifically psychological well‐being. Recognition of this point indicates that standard approaches to mental health rest on sound philosophical foundations and also illuminates the nature of mental health itself.

_The Social Thought of Ortega y Gasset_ is the third and final volume of John T. Graham's massive investigation of the thought of Ortega, the renowned twentieth-century Spanish essayist and philosopher. This volume concludes the synthetic trilogy on Ortega's thought as a whole, after previous studies of his philosophy of life and his theory of history. As the last thing on which he labored, Ortega's social theory completed what he called a "system of life" in three dimensions—a unity in (...) the plurality of philosophy, history, and sociology as three fundamental disciplines that enter into and overlap each other and other humanities. In this volume, Graham investigates Ortega's social thought as expressed in his central work, _Man and People,_ and in several pragmatic fields, interpreting it all in terms of comprehensive categories of postmodernism and interdisciplinarity. While others have studied Ortega's social thought and recently his postmodernity, no one has done so in the context of his thought as a whole or by such a variety of methods. The "unity in plurality" of Ortega's system is evident in the broad and varied structure of his sociology, which he intended to serve for postmodern times. His own postmodernism was rooted in Nietzsche but also in the pragmatism—from James, Peirce, and Dewey—that informs all parts of this trilogy. Ortega was the first educator with an interdisciplinary theory and practice—another aspect of the "unity in plurality" of his system. He found inspiration in both ancient and modern precedents for what he saw as a postmodern method of investigating themes and problems that are common to all the human sciences. Innovations at his Institute of Humanities were early postmodern precedents for a new interdisciplinary social method for use by specialists in a variety of fields. All of those interested in Ortega can utilize such methods to elucidate his thought as a whole as well as to pursue their own collaborative work. Home Complete Catalog Order Information Search. (shrink)

Previous discussions of addiction have often focused on the question of whether addiction is a disease. This discussion distinguishes that question – the disease question – from the question of whether addiction is a disability. I argue that, however one answers the disease question, and indeed on almost any credible account of addiction, addiction is a disability. I then consider the implications of this view, or why it matters that addiction is a disability. The disease model of addiction has led (...) many to see addiction as primarily a medical problem, and to make medical treatment of the addicted person the first priority in addressing addiction. Once addiction is viewed as a disability, different concerns are foregrounded. The problem of addiction resides not only in the addicted person, but also in the social environment in which the addicted person finds herself. The fundamental ethical question about addiction is not how addicted persons can be treated or otherwise changed, but how a just society can make reasonable accommodations for addicted persons. (shrink)

Heidegger uses the term "Americanism" to refer to a certain technological-political trend which involves the inability to think the essence of technology. This would also involve the oblivion of the question of Being. His fear of both Americanism and Communism is what led him to support the National Socialist movement. Both the critics and followers of Heidegger gloss over his criticism of Americanism. Yet Heidegger's writings on this subject remain important for us. First, because Americanism would refer to what we (...) now call Globalization, and second, because it addresses the very possibility of philosophical thinking. This paper tries to push Heidegger's criticism to the very extreme in order to discover where its logic begins to strain, and thereby to generate new inights concerning the relationship between technology and thinking. (shrink)

There is a familiar argument for the falsity of determinism, an argument that proceeds from the claim that agents are morally responsible. A number of authors have challenged the soundness of this argument. I pose a different challenge, one that grants its soundness. The challenge is that, given certain plausible assumptions, one cannot know the conclusion of this argument on the basis of knowing its premises. That is, one cannot know that determinism is false on the basis of this argument (...) even if agents are in fact morally responsible and moral responsibility is in fact incompatible with determinism. A slightly different version of the challenge tells also against the claim that one can be justified in believing that determinism is false on the basis of the argument, so that the challenge cannot be evaded by a retreat to an epistemic position weaker than knowledge. I compare my challenge to the challenge posed by the external world sceptic, and argue that there are asymmetries between these challenges that make it reasonable to accept the former and reject the latter. I close by considering the prospects for developing an epistemology of moral responsibility that is adequate to answer the challenge. (shrink)

The fifteen essays in this volume, rooted in the work of the Hellenistic Moral Philosophy and Early Christianity Section of the SBL, examine the works of Philodemus and how they illuminate the cultural context of early Christianity. Born in Gadara in Syria, Philodemus (ca. 110-40 BCE) was active in Italy as an Epicurean philosopher and poet. This volume comprises three parts; the first deals with Philodemus' works in their own terms, the second situates his thought within its larger Greco-Roman context, (...) and the third explores the implications of his work for understanding the earliest Christians, especially Paul. It will be useful to all readers interested in Hellenistic philosophy and rhetoric as well as Second Temple Judaism and early Christianity. (shrink)

One of the most successful and influential contributions to examining the intersection between society and its effect on public action is Jurgen Habermas's landmark The structural transformation of the public space (1962). But as subsequent scholars pointed out, the Habermasian definition of “public sphere” needed to be expanded beyond its original historical context. This article contributes to that ongoing expansion by arguing that a social movement in the United States, social justice feminism, created an alternative public space in the United (...) States by 1907 to the mainstream discourse championed by patriarchal political and social leaders about the effects of the Second Industrial Revolution. The alternative social justice feminist public space differed from Habermas’s original conception in three important ways: it involved a more ideological viewpoint; it encompassed a myriad of cross-class and cross-gender coalitions; and the movement embraced direct political action, promoting and passing women’s labor legislation as an “entering wedge” for the eventual inclusion of all workers under state protection. (shrink)

The concept of the person, and the notion that the latter is an entity separate and distinct from other persons, has persisted as one of the more secure ‘givens’ of philosophical thought. We have very little difficulty, in observer language, in pointing to a person, describing his or her attributes, distinguishing him or her from other persons, etc. Likewise, it is ordinarily not much of a problem to subjectively experience, both sensorially and conceptually, the self – that is, to distinguish (...) in agent language ‘my person’ from the rest of the universe. The second of these two perspectives on the person defines the ‘I,’ ‘ego,’ or ‘identity.’ Several recent developments in experimental psychology and brain science – while not defeating the ordinary notion of the person on the merits of data per se – at least force a re-thinking of tacit assumptions basic to our sense of the concepts of both the person and personal identity. In this paper, I would like to show how the concept of the person needs revision, and at the same time to raise some objections to Shaffer's (1977) account of the consequences of brain bisection and brain transplant with respect to the fate of the person and his identity. CiteULike Connotea Del.icio.us What's this? (shrink)

This collection addresses the concept and role of judge, the act of judging and the requirements and potential abuses inherent in the system and process of sitting in judgement. It considers the issues and questions involved in establishing a framework for assessing judicial morality.

Excerpt from Psychology Simplified The dormant condition of the avenues in the brain is the only thing intervening between man and the solution of psychic manifestations. Mind can remove the existing conditions in the brain and put man in touch with the solu tion of these things. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to (...) digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

This study provides a broad analysis of Anselm of Canterbury’s theological method through a study of his Monologion. The author argues that Anselm’s theology is often oversimplified and examines his various philosophical and theological contributions.

Any adequate theory of agency demands an account of what it is for an agent to have an action as an option, or of what I call the freedom relation. My dissertation develops just such an account. I argue, first, that attempts to reduce the freedom relation to something more basic fail, and therefore that we should be ontological primitivists about freedom; second, that attempts to give inferential justification for claims about the freedom relation fail, and therefore that we should (...) be epistemic primitivists about freedom. I then sketch an account that satisfies both of these constraints. On this account, freedom is a simple relation which is immediately perceived by agents, through familiar mechanisms of bodily awareness. I finally turn to the contentious question of whether freedom is compatible with determinism. I argue that the most defensible principle in traditional compatibilism is an epistemic one, according to which claims about freedom never provide justification for claims about a posteriori scientific hypotheses. Once we accept a perceptual account of the freedom relation, the truth of this principle turns on some subtle issues in the epistemology of perception. I discuss these issues and conclude that the compatibilist principle is one we should accept. (shrink)

Australasian Journal of Philosophy, Volume 89, Issue 2, Page 361-364, June 2011.

The rubric “The Late Derrida,” with all puns and ambiguities cheerfully intended, points to the late work of Jacques Derrida, the vast outpouring of new writing by and about him in the period roughly from 1994 to 2004. In this period Derrida published more than he had produced during his entire career up to that point. At the same time, this volume deconstructs the whole question of lateness and the usefulness of periodization. It calls into question the “fact” of his (...) turn to politics, law, and ethics and highlights continuities throughout his oeuvre. The scholars included here write of their understandings of Derrida’s newest work and how it impacts their earlier understandings of such classic texts as Glas and Of Grammatology . Some have been closely associated with Derrida since the beginning—both in France and in the United States—but none are Derrideans. That is, this volume is a work of critique and a deep and continued engagement with the thought of one of the most significant philosophers of our time. It represents a recognition that Derrida’s work has yet to be addressed—and perhaps can never be addressed—in its totality. (shrink)

This paper presents Duns Scotus’s theory of mixture in the context of medieval discussions over Aristotle’s theory of mixed bodies. It revisits the accounts of mixture given by Avicenna, Averroes, and Thomas Aquinas, before presenting Scotus’s account as a reaction to Averroes. It argues that Duns Scotus rejected the Aristotelian theory of mixture altogether and that his account went contrary to the entire Latin tradition. Scotus denies that mixts arise out of the four classical elements and he maintains that (...) both the elemental forms and the elemental qualities are lost in the mixture. Consequently, he denies the distinction between the process of mixture and that of substantial change through generation and corruption. The reassessment of Scotus’s account modifies the current historical representation of this discussion, inherited from Anneliese Maier. (shrink)

A review of Benoit Peeters, Derrida: A Biography, trans. Andrew Brown (Cambridge: Polity, 2013).

This paper argues that it is justified to exclude male people, and only male people, from certain spaces—sports teams, leagues, events and competitions—set aside for female athletes. More generally, it argues that it is justified to organize sports around the biological distinction between male people and female people. The first part of the paper argues that the problem of how to organize sports is not sui generis, but rather an instance of a more general philosophical problem to which the consideration (...) of which categories are the more natural is relevant. Having offered some initial motivation for the methodological appropriateness of considerations of comparative naturalness, the paper argues that the category female enjoys greater comparative naturalness than any other in the vicinity. The paper concludes that proposals to exclude males reflect no special animus against cross-sex-identified males. This paper is based on an amicus brief submitted to the United States Supreme Court in September 2025, ahead of a landmark civil rights decision concerning the status and scope of the provisions that Title IX makes for women’s sports. (shrink)

Central to Raimon Panikkar’s work is the acclaimed Cosmotheandric epigram, according to which reality has three interrelated and irreducible dimensions, the human, the cosmos, and the divine. The paper examines this thesis and examines related concepts, such as ‘sacred secularity’ in Panikkar’s thinking. The overall pluralistic thesis allows for dialogue, communication and conversations across cultures. Panikkar considers that a new mythos may be emerging that places value on actions in this world and on temporality. Related to the above is Ken (...) Wilber’s ‘Integral Theory’ that underscores the stages of development of consciousness and worldviews, especially with regard to spirituality. Different perspectives on the divine and atheism are said to arise at each level of development. Wilber’s principal thesis is that religions and spiritualities have continuing and future potentials as ‘conveyor-belts’ of human development in three movements of the Spirit : art, religion and science. A brief discussion will follow on ‘participative spirituality’ and Nondual Śaiva Tantra, and their relation to contemporary atheism. The paper argues that rich space and forum for dialogue are opened between the discourses explored here with global a/theism. (shrink)

Many claim that political deliberation has become exceedingly affective, and hence, destabilizing. The authors of this book revisit that assumption. While recognizing that significant changes are occurring, these authors also point out the limitations of turning to contemporary democratic theory to understand and unpack these shifts. They propose, instead, to reframe this debate by deploying the analytic framework of _affective societies_, which highlights how affect and emotion are present in all aspects of the social. What changes over time and place (...) are the modes and calibrations of affective and emotional registers. With this line of thinking, the authors are able to gesture towards a new outline of the political. (shrink)

Die Arbeit verfolgt Entwicklungslinien eines auf praktische Vernunft gestützten Republikmodells an Hand der exemplarischen Bedeutung der aristotelischen Politik und ihrer Rezeption durch Thomas von Aquin. Diesen werden auch entscheidende Weichenstellungen für die Ausbildung des modernen Staatsbegriffs und seines begrifflichen Instrumentariums politischer Vernünftigkeit zugerechnet. Teil 1 stellt das aristotelische Modell der auf den Begriff des Menschen als Menschen gegründeten "bürgerlichen Gesellschaft" vor, in der sich ein gegenüber der Beliebigkeit tatsächlicher Herrschaftsan-massungen kritischer ursprünglicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verständnis "politischer Herr-schaft" und der (...) wechselseitigen "Anerkennung" konkret freier und gleicher Bürger präsent hält. Dieser ruht jedoch auf einschränkenden Voraussetzungen politischer Subjektivität und deren unmittelbarer Bindung an institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen auf, wie sie aus einem spezifisch antiken Verständnishorizont, näherhin aus dem aristotelischen Konzept entelechialer Teleologie, erläutert werden. Der Versuch einer Einordnung in Grundlinien des umfassenden systematischen Kontexts in Metaphysik, Physik und praktischer Philosophie soll gerade durch den gegenüber der unbestrittenen aktuellen Relevanz neuzeitlichen Freiheitsethos differenzierenden und nicht ungeschichtlich-planen Zugang zu diesem Politikmodell auch aktualisierende Perspektiven eröffnen. So soll etwa durch die Erläuterung der aristotelischen Teleologiekonzeption, die anhand des Paradigmas der Naturbewegung eingeführt wird, sowie des dazu korrespondierenden Ethos "vernünftigen Strebens" das etwaige Verständnis einer vorgängigen materialen Zweckbindung der Politik, im Sinne etwa einer herkömmlichen "Werteethik", distanziert werden. Das Verhältnis Naturteleologie - Praxis wird nicht deduktiv, sondern als ein solches der Strukturanalogie bei gleichzeitiger methodischer Abgrenzung verstanden. Teil 2 widmet sich der Herausarbeitung systematischer Akzentverschiebungen und Umformungen im Spannungsfeld der Konfrontation von aristotelischer Teleologie bzw. praktischer Vernunft mit einer von der Perspektive der Geschichtlichkeit geprägten Offenbarungsreligion bei Thomas von Aquin. Im Zeichen eines vorläufig theologisch gewonnenen universalen Freiheitsverständnisses vollzieht sich auch ein Strukturwandel politischer Öffentlichkeit, der zunächst eine institutionelle Verdünnung des republikanischen Ideals herbeiführt. Durch die Rücknahme des Ziels der Politik vom konkreten Bürger-ethos in die Universalität und den nunmehr transzendentalen Anspruch des Begriffs des "bonum commune" wird gleichzeitig aber auch ein Prozess der Pluralisierung und Dynamisierung gesellschaft-licher und individueller Zielsetzungen und Praxisformen freigesetzt. Entscheidende Bedeutung kommt dabei dem Stellenwert des thomasischen "Gesetzes" zu, in dem - jenseits einer material-deduktiven oder imperialistischen Konzeption - ein dezidiert praktisch-handlungsleitendes Gesetzesverständnis zum Vorschein kommt. Dieses führt die sittlich-politische Anerkennung stiftende Funktion der "koinonia politike" weiter und leitet in seinem Anspruch gesteigerter "Allgemeinheit"--Dies sowohl im Rückgang auf ein transzendentales Prinzip seiner Begründung wie auch in der Ausweitung seines Adressaten-kreises - zur Neuzeit über. (shrink)